Gender Gap and Taxation for Territories and States- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGender Gap and Taxation for Territories and States. Answer: Introduction Gender equality issue is the primary principles and objectives of the nation and is the foundational issue for more reliable and sustainable policies. Dynamic policies are necessary to explore better female capabilities or talent and to strengthen the participation of females in labor market. Generalisations regarding the socioeconomic reality of males and females are difficult to formulate since the gaps in gender and sexual discrimination have a correlation with others parameters such as ethnicity, age, disabilities and any migration background (Matthias, Brys, Heady, Johansson Vartia, 2011). So, the aim is to formulate and achieve the policies of tax which would be helpful in promoting gender equality to higher organizational level.For the implementation of better tax policies, the higher level of legal framework regarding gender equality has to be explored.There is a big implementation gap between actual legal framework which is working and the framework which has to be formulat ed to ensure equality in taxable income. To fill this gap, the targets must be defined to achieve gender equality, the gender analyses implementation and compliance is necessary . The introduction part of this research proposal gives a gender gap overview in socioeconomic realities which greatly influence the allocative and distributional gender impact on tax policies. Review of Literature The policy on income and retirement savings in Australia has an old history under Income Tax Assesment Act, 1915 (Cth) (ITAA, 1915). According to the previous act i.e Old -age pension Act, 1908(Cth), had a provision of pension for Australians with age over 65 years, but later on Income Tax Assesment Act, 1915 provided tax deductibility in contributions by the employer. In Australia, the impact of gender parameters on income tax and other policies did not attribute in the conversations in the 20th century, a study was conducted in 2015 which revealed in details that the gender pension difference favoring men in EU countries and this is an indicator of a major problem (Craig, Mullan Blaxland, 2010). According to this study, it was found that average pension gap for 27 countries was 39% for the groups of 65 years of age or above. The researchers proposed that the gender issues in budgets and various policies should be transparent and visible in public debates so that the complexities could be identified and accordingly alternative options would be formulated (Austen, Costa, Sharp Elson, 2013). The gender gap in economic activities in unpaid work paid employment, wealth, and income, savings, and capabilities are the main domains which would take into consideration in order to have understood the effect of government expenditures and taxation on both genders. This is done by gender-responsive budgeting (GRB), which is designed to mainstream a gender issue in budget and policies. It was also found that policies and programs which improve women employment outcomes have great contribution in economic growth (Elson Sharp, 2010). In 1980, the scrutinizing of annual budgets for the impact on girls and women and gender equality was done by the Australian federal state governments and published a Women Budget Statement(WBS). In 2014-15, after the abolishment of WBS, no alternative option has emerged to describe gender impact analyses (GIA) of tax policies and their revenues. Gender impact analyses (GIA), is very helpful for gender equity by contributing an understanding of the effects of different policies on men and women (Sharp Brromhill, 2002). According to Himmelwiet the key principles of Gender impact analyses (GIA) are: To assess and analyze the effects of policies on the paid as well as unpaid economies and the incentive cost provided to either category should be properly justified. To assess whether the policies enhance or decrease the gender inequality. To assess the influence of policies on equality of gender between households and within them. (Himmelwiet, 2002). In Australia, considerable tax concessions are given to superannuation expenditures that encourage and increases private savings. Studies revealed that tax expenditures on superannuation disbursements have also bears negative impact on gender equality issues. However, Australian female bears less than half superannuation balance as compared to male and a high percentage of females (32.6%) have no superannuation while males have a low percentage (26.1%) (Austen, Jefferson Ong, 2014). So, from the above literature survey and discussions about the gender inequality issues regarding earning income and taxation the research proposal is formulated which would focus on the gender gap in taxable income. Aim and Objective The aim of the research proposal is to find out the relationship between gender inequality and taxable income in Australia and also to compare gender gap in different states and territories by choosing different fields of employment like accounting, finance, media etc. The main objectives of the present study are: To study the gender gap in the earnings and income of both men and women. To study the employment opportunities for both genders. To study the gender inequality in the ability to work. To study taxation income for both the genders in different industries. To study the gender gap in taxable income in the various States of Australia. Research Questions/Problem Whether there is gender inequality? What is the broad industries/field of employment to be studied for gender gap? Which states/territories should be included in the studies? What are the parameters to be compared in gender inequality in different states/territories? Therefore, the present research proposal Gender gap in earnings and taxable income in Australia: A comparison in different Territories and States is taken to investigate the above-said problems. Methodology To perform the present research work, the quantitative methodology with survey methods would be adopted as survey method is a method of finding the facts. The following methodology would be adopted for the present work: Area and time period for the study would be chosen. The states/territories which would be identified in Australia for the studies are Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia. The type of sample chosen would be chosen in terms of different industries in various states/territories of Australia such as Information media and telecommunications, financial and insurance services, education and training, retail trade The sample size will be calculated statistically by using confidence level, the margin of error, population size by using probability calculations. The sample size will also be calculated from the spreadsheets for sample size calculations. For the collection of data, the primary and secondary data collection method would be used. The secondary data would be obtained from the various reports of on taxation, journal articles regarding gender gap income and taxation, publications of government, and from public records and statistics. The primary data would be generated by using questionnaire method. An appropriate questionnaire would be designed to collect information on gender inequality in taxation, employment, and income etc. The questions would be focused on their current economic conditions, their taxable income, amount of tax payable and their employment status . Despite from the data collection by means of a questionnaire, the researcher would personally visit the various multi-national companies, colleges to interact with accountancy students, C.As of different firms to collect the feedback from respondents. The data would include some key parameters such as taxable income number, taxable income amount, gross taxable income number, gross taxable income amount, medicare levy, net tax, salary or wages, allowances, Australian government allowances, Australian annuities and superannuation, gross interest etc. The tabular form in which the data would be incorporated is given below: Comparison of genders in various Industries in different states of Australia S.No Broad Industry Chosen State Gender No of Individuals 1 Information Media and Telecommunications Victoria Males Females New South Wales Males Females Queensland Males Females South Australia Males Females Tasmania Males Females Western Australia Males Females 2 Financial and Insurance Services Victoria Males Females New South Wales Males Females Queensland Males Females South Australia Males Females Tasmania Males Females Western Australia Males Females 3 Education and Training Victoria Males Female New South Wales Males Females Queensland Males Females South Australia Males Females Tasmania Males Females Western Australia Males Females 4 Retail Trade Victoria Males Females New South Wales Males Females Queensland Males Females South Australia Males Females Tasmania Males Females Western Australia Males Females From the above tabular data, it would be analyzed the number of males and females taken as a sample in various territories. Conclusion The outcome of the present research work would provide an overview of the gender gap and taxation and the clear scenario of the magnitude of gender gap would be provided. The research proposal would highlight the correlation among gender gap and taxation policies and would summarize the current research aspects regarding gender gap. On the basis of data, a hypothesis would be designed that gender equality may be in progress in terms of income and taxation or may need more dynamic policies to completely eradicate the gender inequality in economics. The report would provide a message for the policy-makers to make gender issues in taxation a critical segment of their developmental policies. We hope that the information obtained from above methodology and analysis in research proposal would serve as the basis for the development towards gender equality in taxation. References A, C. (2015). Uncovering Women in Taxation: The Gender Impact of Detaxation, Tax Expenditures, and Joint Tax/Benefit Units.Osgoode Hall Law Journal,52(2), 427-459. Austen, S., Costa, M., Sharp, R., Elson, D. (2013). Expenditure incidence analysis: a gender-responsive budgeting tool for educational expenditure in Timor-Leste?.Feminist Economics,19(4), 1-24. Austen, S., Jefferson, T., Ong, R. (2014). The gender gap in financial security: what we know and dont know about Australian households.Feminist Economics,20(3), 25-52. Craig, L., Mullan, K., Blaxland, M. (2010). Parenthood, policy and work-family time in Australia 19922006.Work, Employment And Society,24(1), 27-45. Elson, D., Sharp, R. (2010). Gender-responsive budgeting and womens poverty.S Chant (Ed), Handbook On Gender And Poverty, Edward Elgar, 522. Himmelwiet, S. (2002). Making visible the hidden economy: the case for gender-impact analysis of economic policy.Feminist Economics,8(1), 50-52. Matthias, J., Brys, B., Heady, C., Johansson, A., Vartia, L. (2011). Tax Policy for Economic Recovery and Growth.The Economic Journal,121(550), 59-80. Sharp, R., Brromhill, R. (2002). Budgeting for equality: the Australian experience.Feminist Economics,,8(1), 25-47.